درس في الانجليزية Adjectives (الصفات)

    Adjectives

    An adjective describes or modifies nouns and pronouns in a sentence. It normally indicates quality,       size, shape, duration, feelings, contents, and more about a noun or pronoun.

    Adjectives usually provide relevant information about the nouns/pronouns they modify/describe by       answering the questions: What kind? How many? Which one? How much? Adjectives enrich your writing by adding precision and originality to it.

    Example:

    • The team has a dangerous batsman. (What kind?).

    • I have ten candies in my pocket. (How many).

    • I loved that red car. (Which one?).

    • I earn more money than he does. (How much?).

    Types of Adjectives

    1. Descriptive Adjectives:

    A descriptive adjective is a word which describes nouns and pronouns.

    Most of the adjectives belong in this type. Descriptive adjectives are also called qualitative adjectives.

    Participles also included in this type of adjective when they modify a noun.

    Examples:

    • I have a fast car. (The word 'fast' is describing an attribute of the car).

    • I am hungry. (The word 'hungry' is providing information about the subject).

    2. Quantitative Adjectives:

    A quantitative adjective provides information about the quantity of the nouns/pronouns. This type belongs to the question category of "How much?" and "How many".

    Examples:

    • I have 20 bucks in my wallet. (How much).

    • They have three children. (How many).

    • You should have completed the whole task. (How much).

    3. Proper adjectives:

    Proper adjectives are the adjective from of proper nouns. Proper adjectives allow us to summarize a concept in just one word.

    Proper adjectives are usually capitalized as proper nouns are.

    Examples: 

    • American cars are very strong.

    • Marxist philosophers despise capitalism.

    4. Demonstrative adjectives :

    A demonstrative adjective directly refers to something or someone.

    Demonstrative adjective included the words: this, that, these, those.

    A demonstrative pronoun works alone and does not precede a noun, but a demonstrative adjective always comes before the word it modifies.

    Examples:

    • That building is so gorgeously decorated. ('That' refers to a singular noun far from the speaker).

    • This car is mine. ('This' refers to a singular noun close to the speaker).

    5. Possessive adjectives:

    A possessive adjective indicates possession or ownership. It suggests the belongingness of something to someone/ something.

    Some of the most used possessive adjective are my, his, her, our, their, your.

    All these adjectives always come before a noun. Unlike possessive pronouns, these words demand a noun after them.

    Examples:

    • My car is parked outside.

    • His cat is very cute.

    5. Interrogative adjectives:

    An interrogative adjective asks a question. The interrogative adjectives are: which, what, whose.     These words will not be considered as adjectives if a noun does not follow right after them. 'Whose' also belongs to the possessive adjective type.

    Examples:

    • Which phone do you use?

    • What game do you want to play?

    • Whose car is this?

    6. Indefinite adjectives:

    An indefinite adjective describes or modifies a noun unspecifically. They provide indefinite/ unspecific information about the noun. The common indefinite adjectives are: few, many, much, most, all, any, each, every, either, nobody, several, some, etc…

    Examples:

    • I gave some candy to her.

    • I want a few moments alone.

    7. Articles:

    Articles also modify the nouns. So, articles are also adjectives. Articles determine the specification of nouns. 'A' and 'an' are used to refer to an unspecific noun, and 'the' is used to refer to a specific noun.

    Examples: 

    • A cat is always afraid of water. (Here, the noun 'Cat' refers to any cat, not specific).

    • The cat is afraid of me. (This cat is a specific cat).

    8. Compound adjectives:

    When compound nouns/combined words modify other nouns, they become a compound adjective. They are often separated by a hyphen or joined together by a quotation mark.

    Example:

    • I saw a six-foot-long snake.

    • He gave me an "I'm gonna kill now" look.

    The degree of adjectives:

    There are three degrees of adjectives: Positive, comparative, superlative.

    These degrees are applicable only for the descriptive adjectives.

    Examples:

    • Positive degree: He is a good boy.

    • Comparative degree: He is better than any other boy.

    • Superlative: He is the best boy.

    An adjective modifies (describes) a noun or pronoun. Normally in English, the adjective comes before the noun.

    For example: The smart student earned an "A".

    They also come after linking verbs.

    For example: I feel happy.

    Adjectives can be used to make comparisons.

    For most adjectives of one or two syllables, you can add er. 

    For example : greater, faster, stronger.

    For adjectives longer than two syllables, you should use the word more.

    For example:  He was more intelligent than his sister was.

    Adjectives can also be used as superlatives.

    This is usually done by adding est to the end of an adjective that is one or two syllables.

    For example: the loudest, the coolest, the smartest.

    If an adjective is three syllables or longer, you must use the words the most.

    For example: Katsu is the most intelligent person in the world!

    There are some irregular adjective and verb forms.

    For example:

Adjective:	Adverb:	Comparing two:	Comparing three or more:
Bad	Badly	Worst	Worse
Good	Well	Better	Best
Little	/	Less	Least
Much	Many	More	Most

    Punctuation Note: adjectives are not usually capitalized unless they are the first word in a sentence.     BUT, nationalities are also adjectives and should be capitalized.

    For example:

    Ricky Martin is Puerto Rican and Michelle Yeoh is Chinese.

    These are called proper adjectives. And, like proper nouns, proper adjectives are always capitalized in English. They are derived from proper nouns and are words like: African-American, Vietnamese,     Latino, Japanese, Korean, etc.

    They can also include adjectives like Catholic, Jewish, Republican, Democrat, etc.

    When they are used together, they are arranged in a certain order.

Determiner	Opinion	Size	Age	Color	Origin	Material	Noun
The, This	Pretty	Big	New	Blue	Puerto	Leather	Sofa
Some	Tall	Thin	Old	Purple	Rican	Wood
My	Expensive	Small	Ancient	Black	Chinese	Silk	Scarf

    For example:

    I saw that tall, thin, old, blue, silk scarf at the store and I bought it.

    Leon drives an expensive Old Italian car.

    You wouldn't ordinarily use so many adjectives in just one sentence.

    Note: Determiners include articles, demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns and possessive pronouns.